The next identity problem isn’t managing AI agents inside the enterprise—it’s trusting them when they show up somewhere else. As agents begin interacting across organizations, clouds, and APIs on behalf of employees and businesses, they expose a fundamental limitation in today’s federation models. Standards like SAML, OAuth, and SPIFFE workload identity frameworks rely on pairwise trust relationships that must be configured manually between parties. But this approach will struggle when autonomous agents begin operating dynamically across a much broader ecosystem. 
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and IAM have long solved different parts of the trust problem. IAM typically governs human identities inside organizations—who owns them, how they’re managed, and what they’re allowed to do. PKI enables identities—especially machines and other non-person entities—to be verified across boundaries through cryptographic trust. Together, they point to a missing layer for the AI era: portable agent identities that can be verified anywhere through scalable cryptographic trust. 

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